Python Resilience Patterns

Build fault-tolerant Python applications that gracefully handle transient failures, network issues, and service outages. Resilience patterns keep systems running when dependencies are unreliable.

When to Use This Skill

Adding retry logic to external service calls
Implementing timeouts for network operations
Building fault-tolerant microservices
Handling rate limiting and backpressure
Creating infrastructure decorators
Designing circuit breakers

Core Concepts

1. Transient vs Permanent Failures

Retry transient errors (network timeouts, temporary service issues). Don't retry permanent errors (invalid credentials, bad requests).

2. Exponential Backoff

Increase wait time between retries to avoid overwhelming recovering services.

3. Jitter

Add randomness to backoff to prevent thundering herd when many clients retry simultaneously.

4. Bounded Retries

Cap both attempt count and total duration to prevent infinite retry loops.

Quick Start

from tenacity import retry, stop_after_attempt, wait_exponential_jitter

@retry(
    stop=stop_after_attempt(3),
    wait=wait_exponential_jitter(initial=1, max=10),
)
def call_external_service(request: dict) -> dict:
    return httpx.post("https://api.example.com", json=request).json()

Fundamental Patterns

Pattern 1: Basic Retry with Tenacity

Use the tenacity library for production-grade retry logic. For simpler cases, consider built-in retry functionality or a lightweight custom implementation.

from tenacity import (
    retry,
    stop_after_attempt,
    stop_after_delay,
    wait_exponential_jitter,
    retry_if_exception_type,
)

TRANSIENT_ERRORS = (ConnectionError, TimeoutError, OSError)

@retry(
    retry=retry_if_exception_type(TRANSIENT_ERRORS),
    stop=stop_after_attempt(5) | stop_after_delay(60),
    wait=wait_exponential_jitter(initial=1, max=30),
)
def fetch_data(url: str) -> dict:
    """Fetch data with automatic retry on transient failures."""
    response = httpx.get(url, timeout=30)
    response.raise_for_status()
    return response.json()

Pattern 2: Retry Only Appropriate Errors

Whitelist specific transient exceptions. Never retry:

ValueError, TypeError - These are bugs, not transient issues
AuthenticationError - Invalid credentials won't become valid
HTTP 4xx errors (except 429) - Client errors are permanent

from tenacity import retry, retry_if_exception_type
import httpx

# Define what's retryable
RETRYABLE_EXCEPTIONS = (
    ConnectionError,
    TimeoutError,
    httpx.ConnectTimeout,
    httpx.ReadTimeout,
)

@retry(
    retry=retry_if_exception_type(RETRYABLE_EXCEPTIONS),
    stop=stop_after_attempt(3),
    wait=wait_exponential_jitter(initial=1, max=10),
)
def resilient_api_call(endpoint: str) -> dict:
    """Make API call with retry on network issues."""
    return httpx.get(endpoint, timeout=10).json()

Pattern 3: HTTP Status Code Retries

Retry specific HTTP status codes that indicate transient issues.

from tenacity import retry, retry_if_result, stop_after_attempt
import httpx

RETRY_STATUS_CODES = {429, 502, 503, 504}

def should_retry_response(response: httpx.Response) -> bool:
    """Check if response indicates a retryable error."""
    return response.status_code in RETRY_STATUS_CODES

@retry(
    retry=retry_if_result(should_retry_response),
    stop=stop_after_attempt(3),
    wait=wait_exponential_jitter(initial=1, max=10),
)
def http_request(method: str, url: str, **kwargs) -> httpx.Response:
    """Make HTTP request with retry on transient status codes."""
    return httpx.request(method, url, timeout=30, **kwargs)

Pattern 4: Combined Exception and Status Retry

Handle both network exceptions and HTTP status codes.

from tenacity import (
    retry,
    retry_if_exception_type,
    retry_if_result,
    stop_after_attempt,
    wait_exponential_jitter,
    before_sleep_log,
)
import logging
import httpx

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

TRANSIENT_EXCEPTIONS = (
    ConnectionError,
    TimeoutError,
    httpx.ConnectError,
    httpx.ReadTimeout,
)
RETRY_STATUS_CODES = {429, 500, 502, 503, 504}

def is_retryable_response(response: httpx.Response) -> bool:
    return response.status_code in RETRY_STATUS_CODES

@retry(
    retry=(
        retry_if_exception_type(TRANSIENT_EXCEPTIONS) |
        retry_if_result(is_retryable_response)
    ),
    stop=stop_after_attempt(5),
    wait=wait_exponential_jitter(initial=1, max=30),
    before_sleep=before_sleep_log(logger, logging.WARNING),
)
def robust_http_call(
    method: str,
    url: str,
    **kwargs,
) -> httpx.Response:
    """HTTP call with comprehensive retry handling."""
    return httpx.request(method, url, timeout=30, **kwargs)

Detailed worked examples and patterns

Detailed sections (starting with ## Advanced Patterns) live in references/details.md. Read that file when the navigation summary above is insufficient.

Best Practices Summary

Retry only transient errors - Don't retry bugs or authentication failures
Use exponential backoff - Give services time to recover
Add jitter - Prevent thundering herd from synchronized retries
Cap total duration - stop_after_attempt(5) | stop_after_delay(60)
Log every retry - Silent retries hide systemic problems
Use decorators - Keep retry logic separate from business logic
Inject dependencies - Make infrastructure testable
Set timeouts everywhere - Every network call needs a timeout
Fail gracefully - Return cached/default values for non-critical paths
Monitor retry rates - High retry rates indicate underlying issues

Python Resilience